Writ of Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Writ of Habeas Corpus Essay Habeas Corpus demands a court to a jailer to produce the prisoner and announce the charges (Levin-Waldman, 2012). Habeas Corpus is an ancient common law that applies to all Americans and anybody in the United States at the time of their arrest. It is a legal procedure that requires a person to be brought in front after the have been arrested/ taken into custody. This is done so that the government to show cause to why the liberty of that person is being taken away and to let the person know what they are being charged with. Habeas Corpus is fundamental to American and all other English common law derivative systems of jurisprudence. It is the ultimate lawful and peaceable remedy for adjudicating the providence of liberty’s restraint (http://www.slate.com). History of Habeas Corpus The history of Habeas Corpus is an ancient law that has been used since the middle ages. It appears to be predominately of Anglo-Saxon common law origin but the exact origins are not really known. Even though the origin of Habeas Corpus is unknown it has been used in Europe for centuries. Its principle that has been used since the middle ages by various writs (http://www.slate.com). Habeas Corpus has evolved and changed a bit over the years, but it has basically remained the same. Habeas Corpus states that a person who has been arrested or in custody be brought before a court. Habeas Corpus has been used in the United States since the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. The Writ of Habeas Corpus was established by the British and was generally regarded as part of the fundamental protections guaranteed by law to each citizen (http://www.slate.com). Article I, Section 9 of the US Constitution guarantees the availability of the writ of habeas corpus (http://search.proquest.com). Habeas corpus serves as a tool or legal defense by people that are detained by the government. Habeas Corpus has also been used by detained suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants to challenge the government as to the legality of their detention. Since the beginning of the War on Terror hundreds of suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants have been held at the Guantanamo Bay, Cuba detention facility. Some of the detainees that are held there today have been in detention since January 2002. This has created many debates because many people feel that they are being held illegally in direct violation of the US Constitution and International Law. Suspension of Habeas Corpus Article I, Section 9 of the US Constitution, states that, â€Å"the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it (http://www.slate.com). This means that every American is entitled to Habeas Corpus and that the only way that the government can suspend Habeas Corpus is during a rebellion or a direct threat to public safety. This is one of the ways that the Bush Administration justified detaining hundreds of suspected terrorist for years in detention facilities like Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Their justification was that the suspected terrorist posed a threat to the safety and security of the American people and the United States Government. They also used President Abraham Lincoln’s decision to suspend Habeas Corpus in April 27, 1861 as an example of how and way it was important to detain suspected terrorist. On April 27, 1861, President Lincoln suspended the habeas corpus privilege on points along the Philadelphia-Washington route (http://www.slate.com). This was done after 20,000 Confederate sympathizers in Baltimore tried to stop Union troops from traveling from one train station to another en route to Washington, causing a riot (http://www.slate.com). President Lincoln viewed the Confederate sympathizers as a threat to public safety, and their actions could also be considered a rebellion against the United States Government. After President Lincoln ordered the suspended the habeas corpus, his Generals detained anybody whom they believed posed a threat to Union troops or public safety. Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the beginning of the War on terror the Bush Administration enacted one of the most controversial policies of their administration. This new policy enacted created many heated debates within the United States three branches of the U.S. Government, because it authorized the US Military to detain suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants for an undetermined amount of time. After the beginning of the War on Terror the Bush Administration order to use military commissions to try enemy combatants, which includes a provision denying habeas corpus rights to those subject to the order in federal court (http://search.proquest.com). These new polices also suspend the use of habeas corpus and it was justified by stating that these suspected terrorist were detained outside of the United States and they were being held at a location outside of the jurisdiction of the US Government. In later provision of these polices stated that the foreign nationals who have been held at Guantanamo Bay for six years without meaningful due process protections cannot be deprived of habeas corpus rights by either the president or Congress (http://search.proquest.com). Boumediene v. Bush Several law suits have been filed against the United States by detainees or families of the detainees in regards to the illegal detention of foreign nationals that are suspected to be terrorist or enemy combatants. In the case of Boumediene v. Bush the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on behalf of Lakhdar Boumediene, a naturalized citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boumediene was a detainee that was being held at military detention in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba by the United States. In this case the United States argued that Guantanamo Bay was not part of the United States, and under the 1903 lease between the United States and Cuba. Cuba had ultimate sovereignty over the territory even though it was being lease to the United States. But under the same lease agreement the United States had complete jurisdiction and control over the Naval Base (http://search.proquest.com). The Boumediene v. Bush case was head alone the case of Al Odah v. United States. Both of these cases challenged the legality of detainee detention at the military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and it also challenged the constitutionality of the Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006. The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006 was drafted after the Supreme Courts decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. Military Commissions Act authorizes trial by military commission for violations of the law of war. The MCA was signed by President George W. Bush on October 17, 2006 (http://search.proquest.com). On June 12, 2008, Supreme Court Justice Kennedy delivered stated that court ruled on 5-4 majority, stating that the prisoners being held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camps had a right to the habeas corpus under the United States Constitution. They also stated that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was an unconstitutional suspension of that right (http://search.proquest.com). This decision was based on the fact that the United States had complete jurisdiction and control, over the territory (Guantanamo Bay Naval Base). Even though Cuba retained ultimate sovereignty over the territory, the United States still had control and jurisdiction over the Naval Base. This means that the people detained as enemy combatants at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were entitled to the writ of habeas corpus protected in Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution (http://search.proquest.com). Many people believe that enemy combatant should not have the same rights as an American Citizen. This can especially be said about suspected terrorist and anybody that threatens that safety and security of the United States. The Bush Administration justified the detention of hundreds of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, by stating that they were arrested outside of the United States and that is being held outside of United States territory. President Bush as the as commander-in-chief did use the US Constitution to justify his actions, Article I, Section 9 of the US Constitution, states that, â€Å"the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it (http://www.slate.com). This means that the commander-in-chief can suspend the writ of habeas corpus in the interest of public safety. I believe that this is a very valid justification as long as a reasonable person believes that there is still a threat to the public safety. Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2 of the US Constitution, gives Congress power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2 further states that only the Federal Government and not the States, has the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. It does not specifically state who has the authority to suspend the writ. The role of the Supreme Court in protecting civil liberties, including the judicial philosophy is very important. The Supreme Court ensures that our constitutional rights are not violated and it also serves as part of the checks and balances that our government has. The Supreme Court has played a very important role in the war on terror and the court decisions have changed the way enemy combatants are detained and prosecuted in US Courts. The Supreme Court ruled that even if an enemy combatant is detained overseas and held outside of the United States, the detainee still have constitutional rights and the writ of habeas corpus does apply to them. After reading and analyzing the writ of habeas corpus, the Bush Administration’s detention justification and the US Supreme Court rulings, I feel that the President and the United States Government should be given a little more flexibility in regards to the writ of habeas corpus. I can understand why the Bush Administration detained these suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants and how they can justify that these people are dangerous and that they do pose a threat to the American people. But I also feel that keeping them detained indefinitely without due process is wrong. I do think that the military should handle suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants that are arrested/ detained outside of the United States. References Staab, J. B. (2008). The war on terrors impact on habeas corpus: The constitutionality of the military commissions act of 2006. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies. Retrieved September 23, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213962970?accountid=32521 Redish, M. H., McNamara, C. (2010). Habeas corpus, due process and the suspension clause: A study in the foundations of american constitutionalism. Virginia Law Review. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/759595988?accountid=32521 Levin-Waldman, O. M. (2012). American government. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Greenberg, D. (2001). Lincolns Crackdown Suspects jailed. No charges filed. Sound familiar? Slate. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2001/11/lincolns_crackdown.html Azmy, B. (2009). Boumediene v. bush and the new common law of habeas. Rochester, Rochester: Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/189874026?accountid=32521

Legalization Of Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

Legalization of Drugs The drug connection is one that continues to resist analysis, both because cause and effect are so difficult to distinguish and because the role of the drug- prohibition laws in causing and labeling "drug-related crime" is so often ignored. There are four possible connections between drugs and crime, at least three of which would be much diminished if the drug-prohibition laws were repealed. "First, producing, selling, buying, and consuming strictly controlled and banned substances is itself a crime that occurs billions of times each year in the United States alone" (Lindsmith Center). In the absence of drug- prohibition laws, these activities would obviously stop being crimes. "Selling drugs to children would continue to be criminal, and other evasions of government regulation of a legal market would continue to be prosecuted; but by and large the drug connection that now accounts for all of the criminal-justice costs noted above would be severed" (Lindsmith Center). Second, many illicit-drug users commit crimes such as robbery and burglary, as well as drug dealing, prostitution, and many others, to earn enough money to purchase the relatively high-priced illicit drugs. "Unlike the millions of alcoholics who can support their habits for relatively modest amounts, many cocaine and heroin addicts spend hundreds and even thousands of dollars a week" (Lindsmith Center). If the drugs to which they are addicted were much cheaper- which would be the case if they were legalized-the number of crimes committed by drug addicts to pay for their habits would, in all likelihood, decline. Even if a legal-drug policy included the a demand of relatively high taxes in order to discourage consumption, drug prices would probably still be lower than they are today. The third drug connection is the commission of crimes- violent crimes in particular-by people under the influence of illicit drugs. "This connection seems to have the greatest impact upon the popular imagination" (Lindsmith Center). Clearly, some drugs do "cause" some people to commit crimes by reducing normal control, unleashing aggressive and other antisocial tendencies, and lessening the sense of responsibility. "Cocaine, particularly in the form of crack, has gained such a reputation in recent years, just as heroin did in t... ... of the drug dealing business because they can't control things on the street anymore with the drugs. He would have to go the legal way and try to make himself a respectable business person or lose all of his business. The bottom line is, if drugs are legalized it would stop a lot of crime and stimulate the economy. Drugs are bad, but wouldn't it be better to stop the criminal activity than let all of the crime go unchecked. The drug trafficking these days is getting to be ridiculous and something must be done to stop the rage of drug use and crime in our societies today. Children can get their hands on these illegal and dangerous drugs so easy now it is crazy. If drug use was legalized it would become almost impossible for a child under age to get these drugs. It would stop many young people from becoming junkies, while making them into better people that would contribute to their community. If a person wants to mess their bodies up I believe that they should do what they want with themselves, but when things start to affect other people then the authorities should step in. WORK CITED The Lindsmith Center, www.soros.org "Drugs and Crime."

Enhancing the Quality of Education in the Philippines Essay

Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. Due to that, one of the discussions of DepEd which incurred last October 2010 is to enhance the basic education program of the country in a manner that is least disruptive to the current curriculum, most affordable to government and families, and aligned with international practice through the K-12 policy. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. Many students who finish basic education do not possess sufficient mastery of basic competencies. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. High school graduates also do not possess the basic competencies or emotional maturity essential for the world of work. 1 While the availability of economic opportunities contributes to this, it also illustrates the mismatch in the labor and education markets. The World Bank Philippines Skills Report in 2009 reveals, based on a survey of employers, serious gaps in critical skills of graduates such as problem-solving, initiative and creativity, and, to a lesser extent, gaps in job specific technical skills. The enhanced K-12 program, or the Department of Education’s (DepEd) proposal to overhaul the basic and secondary education curriculum by adding two more years to the system is arguably one of the most drastic and controversial programs of the Aquino administration. The program is proposed to start in school year 2012-2013 for Grade 1 and first year high school students with the target of full implementation by SY 2018-2019. According to SEAMEO Innotech 2011, which is considered as the preferred education solutions provider in Southeast Asia and also an ISO 9001: 2008 Certified, the Philippine is the last country in Asia and one of only three countries in the world with a 10-year pre-university program. The K-12 model to be implemented in the country is an educational system for basic and secondary education patterned after the United States, Canada, and some parts of Australia. The current basic education system is also an archetype of American schooling but with a 10-year cycle. DepEd reasons that it is high time to adopt a K-12 system, attributing the low achievement scores and poor quality of basic education to the present school setup. Following wide protests over the proposal, the department released its official position defending K-12. 2 â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education, those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. † quoted from the statement of His Excellency President Benigno S. Aquino III. K-12 has been met with criticism from youth and student groups, teachers, parents and the academic community. The DepEd, for its part, appears determined to enact the program with its proposed budget catering mostly to preparing the grounds for its eventual implementation. The DepEd argues that the K-12 program will be the solution to yearly basic education woes and the deteriorating quality of education. Critics, however, counteract that the education crisis needs to be addressed more fundamentally and adding more school years would only exacerbate the situation. With the proposed policy K-12 program, various arguments and criticisms were formulated. Different conditions generate different assumptions, which in turn create different policies. The success of any policy depends on the correctness of its policy assumptions. 3 Taking this fact into consideration, questions take place, should policy assumptions be made based on current realities? Or should policy be based on policy conditions as expected to happen, but which may not exist by the time the policy implementation was started? The below mentioned problems are just some of the queries where necessary answers are in need to be sought in order to satisfy uncertainties with regards to the implementation of this educational changes provided in K-12 Policy. PROBLEMS 1. What is the status of the country’s educational resources as to: * teaching force; * facilities and equipments; * learning materials; and * budget? ; 2. What are the provisions of the policy to the following direct entities? * family; * manpower;? and instructional apparatus**? ; 3. What is the level of preparedness of the concerned implementing stakeholders e. g. DepEd, CHED as to the execution of this educational reformation? and 4. What is the level of acceptance of the following affected stakeholders: * teaching staff; * parents; and * students? 5. What is the level of capability of the following affected stakeholders? * teaching staff; * parents; and students? OBJECTIVES The formulation of policy for the K+12 Education System requires rigorous systems analysis. Many patchworks of issues, opinions and statistical analysis have already been presented by so many sectors in so many meetings and consultations. But what is more important to see now is the entire picture, the whole tapestry of Cause-Effects and Costs-Benefits that the policy, if adopted, will create. The following are the main objectives of the K-12 policy as stated in their guiding principles4: 1. To enhance the curriculum of the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program as the central focus. The curriculum enhancement will be designed in line with the desired competencies and skills of a K+12 graduate. The Department of Education will constitute a body to review the current basic education curriculum and detail the implementation plan. 2. To develop tracks based on different competencies and/or student interest as an integral component of the program. Basic education program should develop tracks based on competencies to meet the country’s varied human capital requirements, and to prepare students for productive endeavor. The SHS curriculum will offer areas of specialization or electives. 3. To enhance the basic education curriculum being undertaken hand in hand with the vigorous efforts to ensure adequacy of inputs as part of the bigger basic education reform,  Expanding the education program (additional years of schooling) will be pursued mindful of the need to address the input shortages – teachers, classrooms, desks, water and sanitation, and quality textbooks. DepEd already included a provision for substantial physical requirements for 2011 budget, and is looking to introduce in subsequent years a budget that will constitute a significant increase not just in nominal terms but also in real terms. 4. To alter change in two-fold: curriculum enhancement and transition management. The intention of K+12 is not merely to add two years of schooling but more importantly, to enhance the basic education curriculum. DepEd is preparing a carefully sequenced implementation plan to ensure smooth transition with the least disruption. 5. To have an open and consultative process to be adopted in the promotion of the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program. In accordance with the â€Å"Tao ang Boss† principle, an open and consultative process will be adopted to ensure the successful development and implementation of the K+12 program. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. Many of us believe that in order for a person to achieve his success, he must have a good background in education and the attitude of a survivor. A great education begins with the desire to learn (Osterberg, 2004). Education is important in everybody. It gives us knowledge about the world around us, strengthens our perspective in life and helps build opinions and have points of view in everything about life. Education is really important in bringing our dreams to reality. It opens up doors to every opportunity that would give success in one’s life (Oak, 2010). In our country’s case, the Philippine government offers only 10 years in basic education (6 years for elementary and 4 for high school years), which is the lowest as compared to 12 years in many countries in the world (PCER, 1999). The poor mastery of lessons is common due to the congested curriculum and to the great number of population in public schools. High school graduates of 10-year basic education curriculum are also believed to lack basic competencies and maturity. They cannot legally enter into contracts and are not emotionally mature for entrepreneurship / employment (DepEd, 2010). According to the National Framework Plan for ICTs in Basic Education (2010), the poor performance of students across our country shown in recent national and international achievement tests, and the great number of dropouts both in elementary and secondary levels, pushes the government to add 2 more years in the basic education curriculum or also termed as the K+12 education program. The K+12 program means Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary levels. Kindergarten refers to the 5-year old cohort that takes a standardized kinder curriculum. Elementary education refers to primary  schooling that involves six or seven years of education. Secondary education refers to high school (DepEd, 2010). According to the official gazette by the Department of Education (DepED, 2010), the model that is currently being proposed by DepEd is the K-6-4-2 Model. This model involves Kindergarten, six years of elementary education, four years of junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) and two years of senior high school (Grades 11 to 12). The two years of senior high school intend to provide time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills and competencies. By the time that the issue in K+12 program was once again brought up to public, there has been lots of comments and opinions made by those who agree and disagree about it. The pro-K+12 said that the need for enhancement of the quality of education is urgent and critical and that the congested curriculum only burdens the students by the time they pursue their tertiary level. The government also stated that by adding two more years in our curriculum would increase the GDP growth by 2%. While those who disagree said that the families would have to shell more money for transportation, food and education of their children. Many have also stated that the government does not have the money to spend for another two years in education since it does not have the money to fully support today’s ten years (Cruz, 2010). METHODOLOGY The paper presented elucidates what the K-12 policy is all about, the rationale of formulating it, the target stakeholders and beneficiaries. Further, it tackles also the current situation and the adaptation scenario as it was going to be implemented this coming school year. Various facts, criticisms and assumptions from different reliable sources were asserted in order to substantiate details needed for the best understanding. The presenters wanted to obtain information as to the queries being questioned in the above stated problems in order to have a bird’s eye view to the content and specifications of the said policy. Since the policy is soon to be implemented, the discussion presented is more on the assessment of the provisions and guidelines stipulated in the educational reform in relation to the affected stakeholders. The come up of the following options were based from the personal assessments from the presenters out from the ideas and thorough discussions gained from the varied reliable sources. Further, some contents of this part contain documentation of issues and problems base from the current news and information cited from different reliable sources. Moreover, the views and opinions of the presenters do not necessarily reflect the contents or discussion of the neither class nor stand point of the subject instructor, thus all the generated opinions are purely coming from the presenters. 1. Eradicate and impede the implementation of the policy. Constraints and limitations are highly contradicting the concerned K-12 policy, not to mention the unwillingness to embrace the pro’s and con’s brought by this. 2. Suspend the realization of the policy and reschedule for the next succeeding years. Government and direct implementing agency are not well prepared for the changes to be incurred. Further trainings and seminars, strengthening of the workforce are hereby in need as well as deep penetration to the students and parents for the better understanding and acceptance. 3. Put into practice the K-12 policy this coming school year. The country needs to improve the standard of the educational system in order to keep in line with the paces the other country is pacing. The long term outcome of the said implementation would serve as a positive outcome that will uplift the morale of the society thus bringing noticeable growth to the citizens specifically and to the country as a whole. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 1st Option: Eradicate and impede the implementation of the policy. It is remarkable and inspiring to see that Philippines is now progressing economically and as such, to sustain and possibly prolong this stream, targeting the Education sector of the country is a must. But, unpreparedness, poor educational participation and development will surely yield to negative outcomes. The biggest issues the K-12 Education System must address are its requirement educational inputs and processes. If these are not given solution, the K-12 Education System policy is already ruined from the very start. In view of Sarah Katrina Maramag’s idea, â€Å"the crisis of the Philippine education system, in all levels, is stemmed not on the superficial, in this case the number of schooling years, but rather on the conditions and foundation on which it subsists. Unless the government addresses in earnest poor public spending, high costs of schooling, the predominance of a colonial curriculum, lack of transparency and accountability amid widespread corruption within the sector and the development of the country’s science and technology for domestic development, all efforts will remain on the surface and neither 10 nor 12 years would make much of difference. † To relate with the statement of President PNOY â€Å"to achieve something out of this move to K-12, we need to have a realistic set of plans† and reality check, the plan doesn’t coincide as to the current situation. Though implementing K-12 would be possible, these paradigm changes would be harder for the public system for them to cope up with the rapid changes. Why? Let us settle to the article of Junifen F. Gauuan, firstly, the budget for the education sector of the Philippines is, compared to other Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), relatively low (for example, difference of almost 5% GDP with Malaysia and Brunei – 3. 1% GDP Philippines). Secondly, the infrastructure of the state schools are not conducive enough to admit more students (picture students taking double-shifted school time i.e. 7am-1pm + 1pm-7pm – is that good for students to not meet in a one-off-one-time schedule? OR even cram 50 students in one class? ). To correlate demand and supply, more demand = more supply. With the current shortage of teachers, as claimed by ACT (Alliance of Concerned Teachers) there is no capacity for the public system to admit more students, even more to prolong the year of study. Finally, financial constraints, millions of people in the Philippines (to be exact 23 million under the Asia-Pacific poverty line) are still living below the poverty line. Are those parents belonging to that line can really afford another 2 years extra in education? Ideally, the long term goal which can be brought by the policy is good, but reality wise, the road in reaching the target is under construction, not yet completed thus so far behind. 2nd Option: Suspend the realization of the policy and reschedule for the next succeeding years. It is the belief of some educators that the K+10 Education System failed because it lacked 2 more years of study. We can consider that as one reason. But to the idea of the presenters, the bigger reason why K+10 Education System failed is because of poor educational resources such as classrooms, lack of teachers, facilities and equipment in short budget. Now, though greater budget is allocated to the reform of the educational system in the country but unfortunately what hinders most is the present situation of the affected stakeholders such as parents, students and teachers not to mention the unavailability and lacking of the educational resources. There is a need of empowerment to the part of the teaching force since it is a great change which requires greater understanding and preparation. It can’t be denied the fact that the country has great teachers worth to be proud of, but with the change of educational pattern which they will experience, a further training and seminar is indeed a need for them to be fully equipped. Aside from that, the acceptance of pursuing the reformed educational system must have to start from them since they are considered to be the initial medium that will mediate and enlighten the process of the changes both to the students and the parents. To the part of the parents, it would be a sudden change that will greatly affect their economic standing in terms of the added financial obligations added also the uncertainties and queries about the changes wherein not all of them are aware. Further enrichment for them to have a better understanding about the policy is a must and it will surely take some time. It is a considerable way to enlighten the parents since they are the first in hand who can motivate and guide their children. To the implementing agency, the country cannot attempt a trial and error outcome out of this policy. They must have to consider this not an experimental thing to be tested and evaluated. Beforehand, all of the possible consequences and preparations to counter any of those must be well handled and planned already. An evaluation of the educational resources, a budget plan for the teaching force – a long term plan of all of these including the construction of some additional facilities and equipment must be comprehended. To the part of the presenters, they assumed that those implementing agency are not well interacted to the possible instances that may come up and the way to respond in case any unhanding occurrences will arise. As will as the parents and students, together with the current situation of the country connotes unpreparedness for the implementation of the policy. Pursuing the policy without having some intervention with the direct stakeholders and considering the factors affecting the outcome of the policy would obstruct sustainability. 3rd Option: Put into practice the K-12 policy this coming school year. The government is in to it, the policy was recommended to be implemented, government agencies relating to the educational reform took already an action and somewhat due to the media interaction the society can be said as informed about it. The vision is to uplift the educational standards of the country, the mission is to implement procedures and processes provided in the policy, regardless of all the comments and criticisms since government already spent money for it, then like it or like it very much it should be implemented. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. Initially, the DepEd justifies the K-12 model by saying that the present short basic education program affects the human development of Filipino students. Ultimately, regardless of whichever â€Å"model†, what the youth and country direly needs is for the development and establishment of an education system that caters to the needs of the Filipino youth and the society in general. Unfortunately, data shows the current situation that the country is facing in terms of the educational system that might obstruct the implementation of the said policy. But then, the policy is soon to be implemented this coming school year. To make a recommendation as to the presented options is a mind boggling duty that the presenters could ever come up. But just to satisfy the means of having this paper the end is, the presenters chose the second option, 2nd Option: Suspend the realization of the policy and reschedule for the next succeeding years. The presenters select option two as the best option not due to the fact that the Philippines is the last country in the region to adopt a K-12 basic educations system because it is not all about the trending basis but checking in accordance to the â€Å"reality†. During the assessment done by the prestigious organization Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), they conclude that the problem about the present curriculum in squeezing 12 years of basic education into just 10 is that students are overloaded with subjects which resulted to poor quality of basic education as reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. International tests results like 2003 TIMSS rank the Philippines 34th out of 38 countries in HS II Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science; for grade 4, the Philippines ranked 23rd out of 25 participating countries in both Math and Science. In 2008, even with only the science high schools participating in the Advanced Mathematics category, the Philippines was ranked lowest. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. It is not the question of teaching force because internationally we can say that the country is equipped of well trained educators capable enough for the learning needed by the students in our country. In fact, teachers in our country are highly demanded and most preferred to be hired and work in other country. But it is the matter of the educational system that we have which is designed to teach a 12-year curriculum, yet it is delivered in just 10 years. Though some criticizing it as a way only to realigned as to what is the trending educational system to must have, then why not follow it if it will sustain the development of the educational system of our country and there is nothing wrong with it. As to the question of the consequences that will be brought by the policy, surely there will be many of those and it’s a part of the changes. Better because the government exists to uplift the standard of education in the country and not just sitting down to their respective offices and waiting what will happen to the future of the students experiencing the current system. The policy exist with provisions of program to be administered for the sustainability of it, thus to relate it with economic hindrances it should be another story that is worth to be reflected and should not serve as a hindrance for the development of one system in our country (education). To reach the development wherein the citizens are wanting, admitting the fact that it couldn’t be happening simultaneously is the first step. But, out of the advantages that can be given by the policy, what is now to be considered as constraint is the time. There is a need to develop to the part of the teaching force, the facilities and the equipments the country presently have, further evaluation and thorough analysis as to the whatever outcome that can be brought by it. Implementing programs that will lead to the positive realization of the policy and usage of media is a help to penetrate the minds of the parents and making them realized the long term output that the policy can give by. In short, a more prepared country is in need for the advancement to incur in the educational system. REFERENCES PDF files: Batomalaque, Antonio. Basic Science Development Program of the Philippines for International Cooperation. University of San Carlos. ; Marinas, Bella and Ditapat, Maria. Philippines: Curriculum and Development. UNESCO International Bureau of Education International Engineering Alliance. The Washington Accord. http://www. washingtonaccord. org/Washington- Accord/FAQ. cfm (Accessed 11 September 2010) Mullis, I. V. S. , Martin, M. O. , Robitaille, D. F. , & Foy, P. (2009). Chestnut Hill, MA. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Advanced 2008. National Center for Education Statistics. Highlights from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2003. December 2004 Seamo-Innotech. Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education: Rationale and Legal Bases. Presentation to the Department of Education on 25 August 2010. Presentation notes of Dr. Isagani Cruz, 28 September 2010. Articles/ Journals: Jane Uymatiao. Why we need DepEd’s K-12 Program, Sunday, 22 January 2012. Retrived from http://www. thepoc. net/commentaries/14612-why-we-need-depeds-k-12-program. html (Accessed 15 March 2012) Joe Padre. Pros & Cons in the K+12 Basic Education Debate, October 14, 2010. Retrived from http://mlephil. wordpress. com/2010/10/14/pros-cons-of-the-k12-debate/ (Accesed 14 March 2012) Jonathan Plucker. Problems as Possibilities: Problem – based  learningforK-12education. Retrievedfrom http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_hb6470/is_1_22/ai_n28742235/ (Accessed 11 March 2012) Junifen F. Gauuan. K+12 Policy Framework: Pessimistic, Optimistic or Realistic? , March 26, 2011. Retrieved from http://www. aldersgate-college. com/news/high-school/k12-policy-framework-pessimistic-optimistic-or-realistic/ (Accessed 6 March 2012) K-12 Challenge to Philippine Tertiary Education. Retrieved from http://rodrigo75. wordpress. com/2011/04/19/k-12-challenge-to-philippine-tertiary-education/ (Accessed 29 March 2012). Sarah Katrina Maramag. Proposed K12 Basic Education System in the Philippines, Is the K-12 model good for the Philippine Education System? , via Philippine Online Chronicles. Retrived from http://blogwatch. tv/2011/05/proposed-k-12-basic-education-system-in-the-philippines/ (Accessed 10 March 2012) Virnads. K12 in the Philippines: A Reform or Deform. Manila Philippines, June 13, 2011. Retrieved from http://www. allvoices. com/contributed-news/9379822-k12-in-the-philippines-a-reform-or-deform (Accessed 12 March 2012).

12 Angry Men The Importance of Personality in Negotiation...

Personality can influence relationships, processes, style, and tactics during the negotiation process. Negotiating success can be attributed to the negotiator understanding his or her personality while being aware of the personalities of others (Budjac Corvette, 2007). Many times people understand themselves but do not fully understand their effect on others. A negotiator needs to take note of the common types of behaviors that people exhibit during negotiations when determining how the negotiation will unfold. In the movie â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†, juror number eight demonstrates an understanding of the effect of personality and behavior when building relationships, setting moods, and gaining power (Fonda Rose, 1957). To†¦show more content†¦Negotiators who are aware of their own personality characteristics can adjust their behaviors to create favorable negotiations. Negotiators learn to observe and understand others’ personality characteristics begin to know what behaviors to expect and can make strategic adjustments. The personality characteristics and behavior strategies of juror number eight become apparent as the deliberations begin. Juror eight is calm, collected, and confident as he casts his dissenting vote. This behavior suggests that he might have a Type B personality with a high emotional stability. He begins to organize his thoughts about the evidence and appears to be careful yet thorough, showing a high conscientiousness in his style. The juror displays an internal locus of control, which makes one believe he is in control of his life and the circumstances that arise. Juror eight shows a high level of self-monitoring as he begins to adjust his behavior in the jury room to suit the other jurors and the situation. The Type B character can be described as coming form the core self of Juror eight. Emotional stability and internal locus of control are characteristics that developed over time. High self-monitoring describes th e contextual layer of juror eight’s personality. All of these characteristics play a part in juror number eight’s behavioral strategy during the negotiation process. 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C3, C4, and CAM Plants Adaptations to Climate Change

Global climate change is resulting in increases in daily, seasonal, and annual mean temperatures, and increases in the intensity, frequency, and duration of abnormally low and high temperatures. Temperature and other environmental variations have a direct impact on plant growth and are major determining factors in plant distribution. Since humans rely on plants—directly and indirectly—a crucial food source, knowing how well theyre able to withstand and/or acclimate to the new environmental order is crucial. Environmental Impact on Photosynthesis All plants ingest atmospheric carbon dioxide and convert it into sugars and starches through the process of photosynthesis but they do it in different ways. The specific photosynthesis method (or pathway) used by each plant class is a variation of a set of chemical reactions called the Calvin Cycle. These reactions impact the number and type of carbon molecules a plant creates, the places where those molecules are stored, and, most importantly for the study of climate change, a plants ability to withstand low carbon atmospheres, higher temperatures, and reduced water and nitrogen. These processes of photosynthesis—designated by botanists as C3, C4, and CAM,—are directly relevant to global climate change studies  because C3 and C4 plants respond differently to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and changes in temperature and water availability. Humans are currently dependent on plant species that do not thrive in hotter, dryer, and more erratic conditions. As the planet continues to warm up, researchers have begun exploring ways in which plants can be adapted to the changing environment. Modifying the photosynthesis processes may be one way to do that.   C3 Plants The vast majority of land plants we rely on for human food and energy use the C3 pathway, which is the oldest of the pathways for carbon fixation, and it is found in plants of all taxonomies. Almost all extant nonhuman primates across all body sizes, including prosimians, new and old world monkeys, and all the apes—even those who live in regions with C4 and CAM plants—depend on C3 plants for sustenance. Species: Grain cereals such as rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, and barley; vegetables such as cassava, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, and yams; trees such as apple, peach, and eucalyptusEnzyme: Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP or Rubisco) carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco)Process: Convert CO2 into a 3-carbon compound 3-phosphoglyceric acid (or PGA)Where Carbon Is Fixed: All leaf mesophyll cellsBiomass Rates: -22% to -35%, with a mean of -26.5% While the C3 pathway is the most common, it is also inefficient. Rubisco reacts not only with CO2 but also O2, leading to photorespiration, a process that wastes assimilated carbon. Under current atmospheric conditions, potential photosynthesis in C3 plants is suppressed by oxygen as much as 40%. The extent of that suppression increases under stress conditions such as drought, high light, and high temperatures. As global temperatures rise, C3 plants will struggle to survive—and since were reliant on them, so will we. C4 Plants Only about 3% of all land plant species use the C4 pathway, but they dominate nearly all grasslands in the tropics, subtropics, and warm temperate zones. C4 plants also include highly productive crops such as maize, sorghum, and sugar cane. While these crops lead the field for bioenergy, they arent entirely suitable for human consumption. Maize is the exception, however, its not truly digestible unless ground into a powder. Maize and other crop plants are also used as animal feed, converting the energy to meat—another inefficient use of plants. Species: Common in forage grasses of lower latitudes, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, fonio, tef, and papyrusEnzyme: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylaseProcess: Convert CO2 into 4-carbon intermediateWhere Carbon Is Fixed: The mesophyll cells (MC) and the bundle sheath cells (BSC). C4s have a ring of BSCs surrounding each vein and an outer ring of MCs surrounding the bundle sheath, known as the Kranz anatomy.Biomass Rates: -9 to -16%, with a mean of -12.5%. C4 photosynthesis is a biochemical modification of the C3 photosynthesis process in which the C3 style cycle only occurs in the interior cells within the leaf. Surrounding the leaves are mesophyll cells that contain a much more active enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase. As a result, C4 plants thrive on long growing seasons with lots of access to sunlight. Some are even saline-tolerant, allowing researchers to consider whether areas that have experienced salinization resulting from past irrigation efforts can be restored by planting salt-tolerant C4 species. CAM Plants CAM photosynthesis was named in honor of the plant family in which  Crassulacean, the stonecrop family or the orpine family, was first documented. This type of photosynthesis is an adaptation to low water availability and occurs in orchids and succulent plant species from arid regions. In plants employing full CAM photosynthesis, the stomata in the leaves are closed during daylight hours to lessen evapotranspiration and open at night in order to take in carbon dioxide. Some C4 plants also function at least partially in C3 or C4 mode. In fact, theres even a plant called Agave Angustifolia that switches back and forth between modes as the local system dictates. Species: Cactuses and other succulents, Clusia, tequila agave, pineapple.Enzyme: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylaseProcess: Four phases that are tied to available sunlight, CAM plants collect CO2 during the day and then fix CO2 at night as a 4 carbon intermediate.Where Carbon Is Fixed: VacuolesBiomass Rates: Rates can fall into either C3 or C4 ranges. CAM plants exhibit the highest water-use efficiencies in plants which enable them to do well in water-limited environments, such as semi-arid deserts. With the exceptions of pineapple and a few agave species, such as the tequila agave, CAM plants are relatively unexploited in terms of human use for food and energy resources. Evolution and Possible Engineering Global food insecurity is already an extremely acute problem, rendering the continued reliance on inefficient food and energy sources a dangerous course, especially when we dont know how plant cycles will be affected as our atmosphere becomes more carbon-rich. The reduction in atmospheric CO2 and the drying of the Earths climate are thought to have promoted C4 and CAM evolution, which raises the alarming possibility that elevated CO2 may reverse the conditions that favored these alternatives to C3 photosynthesis. Evidence from our ancestors shows that hominids can adapt their diet to climate change. Ardipithecus ramidus and Ar anamensis were both reliant on C3 plants but when a climate change altered eastern Africa from wooded regions to savannah about four million years ago, the species that survived—Australopithecus afarensis and Kenyanthropus platyops—were mixed C3/C4 consumers. By 2.5 million years ago, two new species had evolved: Paranthropus, whose focus shifted to C4/CAM food sources, and early Homo sapiens that consumed both C3 and C4 plant varieties. C3 to C4 Adaptation The evolutionary process that changed C3 plants into C4 species has occurred not once but at least 66 times in the past 35 million years. This evolutionary step led to enhanced photosynthetic performance and increased water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. As a result, C4 plants have twice as the photosynthetic capacity as C3 plants and can cope with higher temperatures, less water,  and available nitrogen. Its for these reasons, biochemists are currently trying to find ways to move C4 and CAM traits (process efficiency, tolerance of high temperatures, higher yields, and resistance to drought and salinity) into C3 plants as a way to offset environmental changes faced by global warming. At least some C3 modifications are believed possible  because comparative studies have shown these plants already possess some rudimentary genes similar in function to those of C4 plants. While hybrids of C3 and C4 have been pursued more than five decades, due to chromosome mismatching and hybrid sterility success has remained out of reach. The Future of Photosynthesis The potential to enhance food and energy security has led to marked increases in research on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides our food and fiber supply, as well as most of our sources of energy. Even the bank of hydrocarbons that reside in the Earths crust was originally created by photosynthesis. As fossil fuels are depleted—or should humans limit the use of fossil fuel to forestall global warming—the world will face the challenge of replacing that energy supply with renewable resources. Expecting the evolution of humans to keep up with the rate of climate change over the next 50 years is not practical. Scientists are hoping that with the use of enhanced genomics, plants will be another story. Sources: Ehleringer, J.R.; Cerling, T.E. C3 and C4 Photosynthesis in Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Munn, T.; Mooney, H.A.; Canadell, J.G., editors. pp 186–190. John Wiley and Sons. London. 2002Keerberg, O.; Pà ¤rnik, T.; Ivanova, H.; Bassà ¼ner, B.; Bauwe, H. C2 photosynthesis generates about 3-fold elevated leaf CO2 levels in the C3–C4 intermediate species in Journal of Experimental Botany 65(13):3649-3656. 2014Flaveria pubescensMatsuoka, M.; Furbank, R.T.; Fukayama, H.; Miyao, M. Molecular engineering of c4 photosynthesis in Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. pp 297–314. 2014.Sage, R.F. Photosynthetic efficiency and carbon concentration in terrestrial plants: the C4 and CAM solutions in Journal of Experimental Botany 65(13), pp. 3323–3325. 2014Schoeninger, M.J. Stable Isotope Analyses and the Evolution of Human Diets in Annual Review of Anthropology 43, pp. 413–430. 2014Sponheimer, M.; Alemseged, Z.; Cerling, T .E.; Grine, F.E.; Kimbel, W.H.; Leakey, M.G.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Manthi, F.K.; Reed, K.E.; Wood, B.A.; et al. Isotopic evidence of early hominin diets in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(26), pp. 10513–10518. 2013Van der Merwe, N. Carbon Isotopes, Photosynthesis and Archaeology in American Scientist 70, pp 596–606. 1982

Sociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning - 902 Words

Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2006:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approach to learning and mental development since 1990s’, drawing on its origin from the work of soviet psychologist and semiotist Lev Vygotsky and many others. In this essay, I am going to describe major principles of SCT and its central constructs [particularly Semiotic Mediation, The Zone of Proximal Development] and I am going to provide some examples of related research that have been framed in these concepts. 1.SEMIOTIC MEDIATION The concept of semiotic mediation focuses on understanding of the ways in which signs carry, mediate, and constitute sociocultural meaning. 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The Execution Of Head Space Framework †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Execution Of Head Space Framework. Answer: Non-Functional Requirements: Performance: Framework execution is the primary concern that the end clients acknowledge most. The execution of Head Space framework must regard bolster the business procedure. The framework must have the capacity to store a considerable measure of information for quite a while. The framework will deal with hundred assignments/asks for in parallel. The framework must not take over one moment to give data against a demand. The servers of the framework must be totally strong with the goal that they can bolster business changes. Reliability: A framework with great quality must have the capacity to meet the non-utilitarian prerequisite called dependability. The dependability is an unquestionable requirement have highlight for the data frameworks. For the clients of the framework, the unwavering quality is the method for having backing of the framework in business process or demand through the distance conceivable. In any case, as far as framework investigator, the dependability is the method for interfacing the product necessities with the equipment prerequisites. Programming constancy can be a more troublesome plan to understand. An item thing will bomb under particular conditions, with particular wellsprings of data, and given comparative data sources and conditions will tumble each time until the point that the explanation behind the failure is reconsidered. Along these lines, the constancy of an item thing is more about the unpredictable disclosure of defects coming to fruition due to various commitments with the system in various states. Security: Security is an extremely fundamental non-practical necessity of Headspace framework. The association must have the capacity to design the system of the framework with the goal that it can keep the digital assaults. The association will arrange its servers such that it will close down when a DDoS assault begins. The utilization of encryption will help the association to anticipate digital culprits to see the first information. In order to enhance the security, different servers can be used for different components. Taken as an example, the database and core system can reside in two different servers so that in case of cyber-attack, the threat cannot reach to the database. Usability: The usability of the framework alludes to the level of ease of utilizing the framework. The clients of the framework must have the capacity to comprehend the route of the framework from the earliest starting point of utilization. The UI must hold as less things as conceivable so the clients don't get strained while collaborating with the framework through the User Interface. The framework must basic as far as administrator associating area. In the event that the administrator segment is not reasonable at that point settling the framework can be a precarious or frequently outlandish assignment. Reviewof Cloud Based: Strength of PaaS cloud Based Solution: Cost Saving: The cloud based solution is a great solution for those SME or small and medium size organization that are suffering from financial loss or barriers. The organization can chose to use the service as per wish. Taken as an example, headspace can chose to pay as the resource usage. This will allow the organization to cut cost of IT maintenance and operations. Flexibility: The PaaS cloud based arrangement can be an extraordinary answer for Headspace, it requires a fluctuating data transfer capacity. The association can scale up the framework effortlessly by reaching the seller. The same should be possible if there should be an occurrence of diminishing the size of the framework. The deftness, PaaS cloud based arrangement can give the associations are exceptionally successful regarding stretching out beyond contenders. Disaster Recovery: The interest in strong debacle recuperation design can be an incredible method for sparing information. Anything can happen to the PaaS cloud reinforcement or database. For this situation of calamity, this recuperation design enables the association to counteract information loss. Increased Collaboration: The team working a shot at an undertaking of Headspace, they can alter information, make new records from remote area. The joint effort among the colleagues and workers will increment enormously. Remote Location Access: The employees as well as other end users of Headspace can utilize the cloud approach benefit, access to system from remote location, in every possible way. Strength of PaaS cloud Based Solution: Migration: One of the biggest issue in cloud computing is the vendor lock in. The vendor systems are completely different from one another. This creates issue in migrating from one cloud platform to another. The biggest challenge in this migration process is the configuration of the application for meeting the requirements of new Host. Downtime: The downtime can be considered as a standout amongst the most wrecking inconvenience of PaaS distributed computing. No PaaS cloud supplier, even the absolute best, would assert insusceptibility to benefit blackouts. PaaS distributed computing frameworks are web based, which implies your entrance is completely subject to your Internet association. Also, similar to any equipment, PaaS cloud stages themselves can fall flat for any of a thousand reasons. Less Security: The security in the PaaS distributed computing condition is low. The stream of data from the client to the PaaS cloud application through the open web association. Less Control: Headspace will have negligible control over its information. The seller will control the arrangement of the framework and also database framework. Irrational Cost for Long Term Plan: If the cloud computing is maintained, then the total cost of the system will be more than in-house application. No matter how much less an organization uses its system, a certain amount of capital has to be used. SDLC Approach: Predictive Approach: Advantages: Prescient methodologies are straightforward and basic for utilizing as a part of a venture administration approach The documentation of technique and results of the procedures are done legitimately The grinder of the prescient approach can be seen effectively by any colleague The pashas of a prescient model is finished one by one The phases of the prescient approach are unmistakably characterized The prescient approach is best for little ventures. The tasks that has less intricacy as far as necessities and determination are anything but difficult to utilize The prescient models are simple for overseeing. It is a direct result of the unbending nature of the model. Singular periods of the approach has diverse expectations and survey system Disadvantages: Figuring the advance inside the stages is troublesome In the event that the extend of the undertaking is longer than 5 months then this approach is not proper Regarding degree modification, the prescient approach is not strong The nearness of dangers inside the task is to a great degree high The prescient approach does not create any working application until the point that the task is finished The profitable approach is not legitimate for the perplexing and huge ventures This approach is not appropriate for the ceaseless changing prerequisites Adaptive Approach: Advantages: The approach enables the partners of undertaking to encounter fractional work arrangements The fast advancement of usefulness and also showing of those usefulness is conceivable The intending to complete the approach is low The required measure of assets are not as much as prescient approach The tenets of this approach are as low as could be expected under the circumstances The versatile approach is equipped for advancing broadly educating and collaboration This approach is anything but difficult to oversee This approach is appropriate for changing necessities Versatile approach is extremely sensible for the product advancement venture Disadvantage: Not suitable for managing complex conditions More risk of sensibility, common sense and extensibility A general course of action, a deft pioneer and composed PM sharpen is a flat out need without which it will not work Selection of Approach: From the above study it is clear that none of the approach alone can be sufficient. The features of both of the approach is essential for the project. The organization needs a robust approach that can support change of requirements. The approach of system development has to be flexible enough to produce prototypes in the middle of the phases. However, on the other hand, the organization needs proper documentation of all the stages. The most difficult piece of beginning another undertaking for any test chief or test lead in a start-up, private ventures or an endeavor is in reality to design the task. Traditionalists have confidence in waterfall philosophy as a settled practice that relies upon thorough documentation and unbending administration. Notwithstanding, dexterous has made a great deal of in-streets in present day groups as it is more versatile to the progressions which frequently make expectations very capricious. A solitary strategy can't be the main mallet to nail every one of the arrangements. The Agile-Waterfall Hybrid is regularly viewed as a savvy approach for embracing the two techniques without trading off excessively, basically using the best of the two universes. The principle point of the half and half approach is to empower groups to characterize necessities and adjust to changing prerequisites through ceaseless criticism and conveyance. The crossover strategy holds the lucidity and followin g arrangement of waterfall technique, while grasping the versatility and adaptability of coordinated. Bibliography: Ameller, D., Ayala, C., Cabot, J., Franch, X. (2013). Non-functional requirements in architectural decision making. IEEE software, 30(2), 61-67. Asadi, M., Soltani, S., Gasevic, D., Hatala, M., Bagheri, E. (2014). Toward automated feature model configuration with optimizing non-functional requirements. Information and Software Technology, 56(9), 1144-1165. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). 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